In class, we explored the concept of Homo Homini Lupus and the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes offered that humans are biological mechanisms that are more alike than different. We are driven by fear (particularly fear of violent death), hope, desire, and aggression. We as humans are self-centered for the purpose of self-preservation. Hobbes also argued that we are not social by nature, but rather made social through social contracts.
The Leviathan is another Hobbesian concept that suggests we seek out oppressive leaders and systems of rules in an attempt to avoid the three causes for quarrel: competition, dissidence, and glory. The Leviathan can be summarized by this: “Covenants without sword are but words and of no strength”.
Homo Homini Lupus translates roughly to “man to man is wolf”. This is to say humans are brutish and ruthless to each other. This concept was central to Hobbes’s theory and was explored with variations by Primo Levi. Levi was in concentration camps during World War II and saw that everyone stole at some point. He also posited that in times of social decline, we find someone or something to place the blame on. Levi wrote “Everybody is somebody’s Jew”.
To pair with this lecture, we watched “The Shelter”, a Twilight Zone episode from season three. What stood out most to me was how children complicate Hobbes’s straightforward theory. As exemplified by Dr. Bill Stockton’s line “Grace [Bill’s wife], that’s why we have to survive. That’s the reason. He may only inherit rubble now, but he’s 12 years old. He’s only 12 years old, Grace”. Or, later on in the episode, Martha Harlowe’s line “If it saves even one of my kids I call that a good reason”, where she advocates for allowing more people in the shelter. The characters, who represent selfishness, hostility, and self-preservation, only show selflessness and mercy when it comes to their children. Yes, Hobbes may have argued that they see their children as an extension of themselves and the next best option to self-preservation. However, children are separate beings, “others” even, that are often treated with a certain empathy and warmth, negating some of Hobbes’s theory. To live for someone or something outside of yourself is to create meaning and purpose above primal, Hobbesian expectations.
Although extreme, I see Hobbes’s theory as an ailment or curse that can be cured or alleviated by altruism and humanism. I see both as achievable paths in life and we have the freedom of choice in taking either path. I work at a non-profit, no-kill animal shelter and it has given me the opportunity to develop these values. Under the stress of limited funds, the shelter (pun intended) could turn away animals in need or refuse care to sick animals. But, we prioritize their well-being by making budget cuts in other areas. Not very Hobbesian. We are also incredibly blessed to have generous donations and volunteers from the local community. Also not very Hobbesian. I don’t make as much as I made at other jobs, and I work long hours often, but I have never been more fulfilled by a job. I am personally invested in my work and the lives of our animals. I am fueled by seeing strays and owner surrenders gain health, confidence, and loving homes. And it’s not just about the animals. Every day I speak with members of the community who are experiencing financial hardship, homelessness, and health issues that lead to them not being able to properly care for their pets. This has fortified my empathy and reminded me to check my own biases.
Homo Homini Lupus is a choice to me, not a universal truth. It is timshel – thou mayest. And while Hobbes chose self-preservation and brutality, I choose altruism and community.
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